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1.
Research priorities for conservation and natural resource management in Oceania's small‐island developing states 下载免费PDF全文
For conservation science to effectively inform management, research must focus on creating the scientific knowledge required to solve conservation problems. We identified research questions that, if answered, would increase the effectiveness of conservation and natural resource management practice and policy in Oceania's small‐island developing states. We asked conservation professionals from academia, governmental, and nongovernmental organizations across the region to propose such questions and then identify which were of high priority in an online survey. We compared the high‐priority questions with research questions identified globally and for other regions. Of 270 questions proposed by respondents, 38 were considered high priority, including: What are the highest priority areas for conservation in the face of increasing resource demand and climate change? How should marine protected areas be networked to account for connectivity and climate change? What are the most effective fisheries management policies that contribute to sustainable coral reef fisheries? High‐priority questions related to the particular challenges of undertaking conservation on small‐island developing states and the need for a research agenda that is responsive to the sociocultural context of Oceania. Research priorities for Oceania relative to elsewhere were broadly similar but differed in specific issues relevant to particular conservation contexts. These differences emphasize the importance of involving local practitioners in the identification of research priorities. Priorities were reasonably well aligned among sectoral groups. Only a few questions were widely considered answered, which may indicate a smaller‐than‐expected knowledge‐action gap. We believe these questions can be used to strengthen research collaborations between scientists and practitioners working to further conservation and natural resource management in this region. 相似文献
2.
L.Q. Xu L.G. Sun H. Yan Y.H. Luo Y.H. Wang 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2010,101(5):362-368
Several natural and anthropogenic radionuclides (210Pb, 226Ra and 137Cs) in guano-phosphatic coral sediments and pure guano particles collected from Ganquan, Guangjin, Jinqing and Jinyin Islands of the Xisha archipelago, South China Sea, were analyzed. The Constant Initial Concentration (CIC) model and the Constant Rate of Supply (CRS) model were applied for age calculation. The average supply rate of 210Pb was 126 Bq m−2 a−1, very close to the flux of northern hemisphere average (125 Bq m−2 a−1). The activities of anthropogenic radionuclides in the sediments were very low, indicating that human nuclear tests did not notably impact this region. The main source of radionuclides in the sediments was from atmospheric precipitation, and the organic matter derived from plant and produced by nutrient-rich guano could further enhance them. 相似文献
3.
Abstract: Increasing migration into urbanized centers in the Solomon Islands poses a great threat to adjacent coral reef fisheries because of negative effects on the fisheries and because it further erodes customary management systems. Parrotfish fisheries are of particular importance because the feeding habits of parrotfish (scrape and excavate coral) are thought to be critical to the resilience of coral reefs and to maintaining coral reef health within marine protected areas. We investigated the ecological impact of localized subsistence and artisanal fishing pressure on parrotfish fisheries in Gizo Town, Western Solomon Islands, by analyzing the density and size distribution of parrotfish with an underwater visual census (UVC), recall diary (i.e., interviews with fishers), and creel surveys to independently assess changes in abundance and catch‐per‐unit‐effort (CPUE) over 2 years. We then compared parrotfish data from Gizo Town with equivalent data from sites open to and closed to fishing in Kida and Nusa Hope villages, which have different customary management regimes. Results indicated a gradient of customary management effectiveness. Parrotfish abundance was greater in customary management areas closed to fishing, especially with regard to larger fish sizes, than in areas open to fishing. The decline in parrotfish abundance from 2004 to 2005 in Gizo was roughly the same magnitude as the difference in abundance decline between inside and outside customary management marine reserves. Our results highlight how weak forms of customary management can result in the rapid decline of vulnerable fisheries around urbanized regions, and we present examples in which working customary management systems (Kinda and Nusa Hope) can positively affect the conservation of parrotfish—and reef fisheries in general—in the highly biodiverse Coral Triangle region. 相似文献
4.
5.
On the Solovetskiye Islands, subtundra forests and forest-tundra crooked forests are considered to be zonal biocenoses, as this region is intersected by the 12°C isotherm for July, which marks the boundary between the northern taiga and forest-tundra zones in northern Europe. The formation of extrazonal tundras on the islands is attributed to the cooling effect of the sea and the prevalence of cold northeasterly winds in the growing period. Herbaceous and herb-bilberry forests similar to their middle-taiga counterparts develop in this region due to a convective heat flow anomaly of high intensity (up to 40–50 W/m2). The phenomenon provides evidence for the existence of an active heat source in the crust under the archipelago. This source is probably a diapir fold involving the upward movement of the mantle. 相似文献
6.
为了探究我国东海至南大洋航线海洋近地层大气NOx的分布特征,于2015年11月-2016年1月,利用中国极地科学考察船"雪龙号"的观测平台,采用Saltzman法对中国东海至南大洋航线海洋近地层大气NOx日均浓度进行了监测.结果表明,中国东海至南大洋航线海洋近地层大气ρ(NOx)的变化范围为0.001~0.038 mg/m3,ρ(NO)的变化范围为0.001~0.033 mg/m3,ρ(NO2)的变化范围为0(未检出)~0.015 mg/m3.中国东海至南大洋航线海洋近地层大气中,NO是NOx的主要成分.南极圈外海洋近地层大气中NOx的分布特征显示距离陆地越近,ρ(NOx)越高,NO2/NO(二者质量浓度比值)越大,反映出海陆差异及人为污染对海洋近地层大气的影响.远离陆地的南大洋航段ρ(NOx)显示较低的大洋背景值.南桑威奇群岛的火山活动导致附近海域异常高浓度的NOx分布,ρ(NOx)最高值达0.160 mg/m3,ρ(NO)为0.145 mg/m3,ρ(NO2)为0.015 mg/m3.西风带的阻隔导致该区域NOx向周围扩散时,难以穿越西风带,向南极大陆边缘扩散的趋势更加强烈,影响大范围南大洋近地层大气NOx分布.人为活动可能是南极半岛和中山站附近海洋近地层大气高ρ(NOx)和高NO2/NO的原因之一. 相似文献
7.
The main purpose of this study is to assess economic vulnerability of small island development regions as part of their sustainability constraints. By combining economic and environmental time series data, we assessed a composite index of economic vulnerability which is constructed from three exogenous variables, namely economic exposure, economic remoteness, and economic impact of environmental and natural disasters. We used the Amami Islands, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan as the case studies for this paper.The results indicated that using a gross island products based valuation index, Kikaijima is the most vulnerable island in the Amami Islands with a composite economic vulnerability index (CEVI) value of 0.678, while by using a per capita based index, Okinoerabujima is considered the most vulnerable island with a CEVI value of 0.680. From the results we also revealed that smaller islands have relative higher vulnerability than the bigger one, which also confirms some previous country-level vulnerability studies.However, it is matter of fact that some islands that have relatively high vulnerability also have good economic performance as shown by their per capita income. In this regard, it can be argued that the success of these small islands could have been achieved in spite of and not because of their inherent vulnerability conditions as an indicator of sustainability constraint. Regarding these findings, we also examined a comparison between vulnerability results and the preliminary concept of an island's resilience in order to capture another perspective on sustainability assessment in a small island region. 相似文献
8.
Accounting for the mismanagement of tropical nearshore fisheries 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The underlying reason for the mismanagement of tropical nearshore fisheries is the implementation of policies and programs
based on Western models and approaches, coupled with an inability and/or unwillingness to consider non-Western alternatives
of empirically proven value. Such attitudes are embedded in donor and development agency behavior, and are demonstrated by
the temperate bias in conventional approaches to fisheries education and management, with a corresponding lack of understanding
of tropical milieux, and in the persistence of various prejudices. Adaptive Management, The Ecosystem Approach, Local Knowledge,
and Protected Areas are discussed from the perspectives of Western models and pre-existing Pacific Island systems as alternative
models. Given the parlous condition of the global environment and resources, the best non-Western pre-existing models and
Western approaches must be blended to provide sustainable solutions.
相似文献
Francis R. HickeyEmail: |
9.
Melinda G. Knutson Donald J. Leopold Richard C. Smardon 《Environmental management》1993,17(2):199-210
Consideration of biological quality has long been an important component of rating areas for conservation. Often these same
areas are highly valued by people for aesthetic reasons, creating demands for housing and recreation that may conflict with
protection plans for these habitats. Most methods of selecting land for conservation purposes use biological factors alone.
For some land areas, analysis of aesthetic qualities is also important in describing the scenic value of undisturbed land.
A method for prioritizing small islands and shoals based on both biological and visual quality factors is presented here.
The study included 169 undeveloped islands and shoals ⩽0.8 ha in the Thousand Islands Region of the St. Lawrence River, New
York. Criteria such as critical habitat for uncommon plant and animal species were considered together with visual quality
and incorporated into a rating system that ranked the islands and shoals according to their priority for conservation management
and protection from development. Biological factors were determined based on previous research and a field survey. Visual
quality was determined by visual diagnostic criteria developed from public responses to photographs of a sample of islands.
Variables such as elevation, soil depth, and type of plant community can be used to classify islands into different categories
of visual quality but are unsuccessful in classifying islands into categories of overall biological quality. 相似文献
10.
This article does not focus on adaptation or mitigation policy directly but on an allied opportunity that exists for the Pacific
Islands via the auspices of the Climate Convention, because the existing very costly energy systems used in the Pacific Island
region are fossil-fuel dependent. It is argued here that efforts can be made towards the development of energy systems that
are ecologically sustainable because Pacific Island nations are eligible to receive assistance to introduce renewable energy
technology and pursue energy conservation via implementation mechanisms of the Climate Convention and, in particular, through
transfer of technology and via joint implementation.
It is contended that assistance in the form of finance, technology, and human resource development from developed countries
and international organizations would provide sustainable benefits in improving the local Pacific Island environments. It
is also emphasized that mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions is not the responsibility of the Pacific Islands as they contribute
very little on a per capita global scale and a tiny proportion of total global greenhouse gas emissions. 相似文献